中国测土施肥工作的进展和展望

近十多年来，我国在测土施肥方面的研究取得迅速发展，并已大面积推广应用。本文着重对土壤有效养分测定，分析结果的解释，以及施肥量的方法作了综合评述，同时对测土施肥工作存在的问题和今后的发展也进行了讨论。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地植被景观时空变异特征

对黄土丘陵区退耕地植被特征的时空变异性进行了研究.结果表明,不同植被类型区植被特征之间差异不是很显著,仅延安与安塞在物种丰富度之间和安塞与吴旗在物种多样性之间存在较显著的差异(0.01＜p＜0.05),其它的两两之间的差异并不明显.延安森林带北缘→安塞森林草原带植被指数呈下降趋势,降幅最大为17.65%,变异系数呈增大趋势,增幅最大为21.49%;安塞森林草原带→吴旗草原带物种丰富度指数及其变异系数都呈增大趋势,而物种多样性和均匀度指数呈减小趋势,其变异系数呈增大趋势.植被指数随退耕年限的变化趋势图都有两个明显的峰值,并在退耕20年左右后植被群落逐渐稳定.     

不同水分与养分水平对玉米叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过对玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的测定，发现这些参数均受诸如水分、光热、养分等外界条件的影响。水分对叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著，随着水分的降低，玉米叶片的基础荧光增大，而可变荧光、PSⅡ光化学效率及PSⅡ潜在活性显著降低，因此，只要选择合适的测定时间，加快测定速度，叶绿素荧光可作为研究判断玉米水分胁迫程度的理想指标。     

土壤干旱胁迫对玉米叶片水分状况、膜透性及酶抗氧化系统的影响

A simulation experiment on the responses of maize （Zea mays L.） from the third leaf stage to maturity for different soil water levels （well-watered, moderately stressed, and severely stressed） was conducted by controlling irrigation and using a mobile rain shelter in a neutral loam, meadow soil to determine the effects on leaf water status, membrane permeability and enzymatic antioxidant system for different growth stages. The results indicated that drought stress relied on drought intensity and duration, with more severe drought stress creating more serious effects on maize. Compared with wellwatered conditions, during the silking and blister stages moderate stress did not significantly change the relative water content （RWC） and did change significantly the relative conductivity （RC） （P 〈 0.05） of the leaves; however, severe stress did significantly decrease （P 〈 0.01） the leaf RWC and increase （P 〈 0.01） membrane permeability （leaf relative conductivity）. Furthermore, under severe drought stress antioxidant enzyme activities declined significantly （P 〈 0.01） in later stages, namely for superoxide dismutase （SOD） the tasseling and blister stages, for peroxidase （POD） the milk stage, and for catalase （CAT） during the tasseling, blister, and milk stages. Meanwhile, membrane lipid peroxidation （measured as malondialdehyde content） significantly increased （P 〈 0.01） in all stages.     

青海省大通县退耕还林生态功能综合评价

根据生态经济学原理,采用层次分析法（AHP）,建立了黄河上游退耕还林还草综合生态效益评价指标体系和数学模型。以青海大通县为例,对天然云杉林、退耕林地、天然荒草地、天然灌丛等植被类型进行综合生态效益评价,与农田生态系统进行对比研究。评价结果表明：天然云杉林、退耕林地、天然灌丛等类型的生态效益指数均大于农田生态系统,其综合生态效益指数排列顺序为,天然云杉林＞退耕林地＞天然灌丛＞农地＞天然荒草地。这一研究结果可为黄河上游退耕还林生态工程建设提供参考。     

水旱灾害的治本之策是搞好水土保持

受地理位置决定的特殊气候条件和由人为因素引起的水土流失是造成我国水旱灾害频繁的根本原因.从某种意义上说,修建水库、加固大堤等水利工程是防洪抗旱的应急措施,是治标之举;而保持水土、减少泥沙淤积则是防治水旱灭害的治本之策.     

作物干旱指数(CWSI)和土壤干旱指数(SWSI)

本文根据邯郸地区的大范围观测资料，对小麦的作物干旱指数（ＣＷＳＩ）和裸地的土壤干旱指数（ＳＷＳＩ）及其与土壤水发的关系进行了研究，并分析了了ＣＷＳＩ和ＳＷＳＩ的影响因素和在旱情监测中的实用性。     

基于四维变分和集合卡尔曼滤波同化方法的冬小麦单产估测

为了通过数据同化方法提高冬小麦的估产精度,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,采用标定的CERES-Wheat模型模拟8个典型样点冬小麦整个生育期的叶面积指数(LAI),通过四维变分(4DVAR)和集合卡尔曼滤波(En KF)2种同化算法同化CERES-Wheat模型模拟的LAI和遥感数据反演的LAI,获得单点尺度的LAI同化数据,将单点尺度的LAI同化值扩展到区域尺度,对两种同化方法的单点尺度和区域尺度的同化结果进行对比与分析。结果表明,两种同化方法均能综合遥感反演LAI和模型模拟LAI的优势,使LAI同化值更符合冬小麦LAI的实际变化规律;在单点尺度和区域尺度上,En KF-LAI均更能反映关中平原冬小麦的实际生长状况。采用En KF-LAI构建关中平原冬小麦估产模型估测2008年和2014年的冬小麦单产,通过实测单产对估产模型进行验证,结果表明,2008年样点估测单产与实测单产的相对误差均小于15%,部分县估测单产与实测单产的相对误差均小于10%;与2014年模拟单产与实测单产间的相对误差相比,估测单产与实测单产间的相对误差降低0.57%~9.30%,RMSE降低217 kg/hm2,其中,8个样点的估产精度达到94%以上,表明组合估产模型的估产精度较高。     

基于计曲线的DEM生成与地形分析——以在黄土高原的试验为例

数字高程模型(DEM)是水土流失监测与水土保持中地形分析不可缺少的空间数据，但是，目前国家测绘部门1：1万比例尺DEM的完成尚待时日。提出了利用计曲线快速生成DEM的技术方法，并以黄土丘陵区为试验样区，评定其精度特征与应用适宜性。实验结果表明，该方法生成的DEM同首曲线数字化生成的DEM相比，建立的效率大为提高，精度有保证，能够满足黄土高原地区一般地形分析的需要，不失为一种快速、简洁、有效的技术方法。     

Estimating floristic integrity in tallgrass prairie

Indices are needed in habitat conservation and restoration to provide repeatable measures relevant to conservation goals. A monitoring and research program was established at Nachusa Grasslands in north-central Illinois (USA) to assess progress in tallgrass prairie restoration and reconstruction efforts and evaluate the effectiveness of indices used to measure community-level properties related to vegetation integrity. Indices selected for comparison included standard diversity measures (e.g., Shannon-Weiner Index, Evenness, Species Richness) and indices developed specifically to estimate vegetation integrity. These latter indices included two unweighted diversity indices, the Species Richness Index and Native Richness Index, and two indices weighted by characteristics of species composition, the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and its component Mean Coefficient of Conservatism (Mean C). A coefficient of conservatism (CC) is an integer ranging from 0 to 10 assigned a priori to each taxon in a regional flora that estimates the fidelity of a species to natural areas (non-native and most ruderal species are assigned 0 or low values, respectively; species known primarily from natural areas are assigned higher values). All indices compared in this study were calculated using vegetation data collected from equal-sized sampling grids stratified across seven prairie units. The units included remnants and plantings representing a wide range of habitat quality. The FQI and Mean C explained the most variation among sites and were most effective at distinguishing recognized qualitative differences indicating they can be more informative than traditional species-diversity measures in assessing floristic integrity within community types. The FQI and Mean C are applicable to both quantitative ecological monitoring and plotless survey methods.